Sublevel caving has created through its possibilities of standardizing and mechanizing operations and equipment. The invention relates to a driftpillar free sublevel barnyard caving mining method of an open pit transferred underground transitional period. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores of gems such as diamonds or rubies. The breaking faces are developed by crosscuts, which are extended from wall to wall from the end of the sublevel. The method is flexible, has rapid effect and integrates advantages of a nonpillar sublevel caving method and a sublevel room stoping method, and a new process is provided for recycling mediumstable and mediumthick ore bodies. A few swedish metalliferous mines operate sublevel caving already today at depths of over 700 m below ground level. For example, at the finsch mine sublevel caving is being used as part of the mines expansion programme to maintain underground production levels during the transition from the block 4 cave to the block 5 cave. The geometry, dimensions, and even operational constraints of sublevel caving cannot be selected at random but must be planned while respecting the characteristics of gravity flow of coarse materials. Sublevel caving article about sublevel caving by the free. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and work force experience. Sublevel caving is usually carried out when mining of the orebody through an open pit method is no longer economically feasible. The method allows to reduce the number tamakaimoana ore and provides reliable ore.
Hustulid, editor society of mining engineers 1982 1794 pages. However, the principles in sublevel caving blasting are applicable to other underground mining methods. Caving is a safe and proven mechanised mining method. Block caving is largescale mining method that allows for huge volumes of rock to be extracted efficiently. Gravity flow of blasted ore and caved waste in sublevel caving is a process more complicated than that which is used in bin flow.
Evolution of sublevel caving safety improvement through. Jan 21, 2018 it is the best video for understanding how to do sublevel stoping mining method. Block and panel caving block caving is an underground mining method that uses gravity to exploit. Caving requirements caving is a nonselective, bulk. Reflecting the importance of ground support, underground mining methods are categorized in three classes on the basis of the extent of support required.
Jul 04, 2017 for sublevel stoping the ore body and walls should be strong enough to support open stoping. Parallel drives are developed in the ore on equally spaced levels. In most of the sublevel caving system blasting parameters dominate in association with recovery when compared to drawpoint and geological parameters. Sublevel caving is one of many different methods for underground hard rock mining. Traditional mining methods for hangingwall orebody include surface mining and backfill stoping method such as that in the fenghuangshan iron mine of china and the kidd creek zinccopper mine of canada, the sublevel caving method such as that in the yeshan iron mine and the longshou mine of china, and the sublevel open stoping and caving mining method such as that used by liu et al. Sublevel stoping mining method black diamond drilling services australia pty ltd. Block caving is an underground hard rock mining method that involves undermining an ore body, allowing it to progressively collapse under its own weight.
For sublevel stoping the ore body and walls should be strong enough to support open stoping. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel. Block caving is an extreme case of sublevel caving in which instead of a back of ore 5 to 10 ft. It follows the same basic principles as the block caving mining method, but the caves are smaller in size and not as long lasting. Cn103089266a driftpillarfree sublevel barnyard caving. Fourth international symposium on block and sublevel caving second half of date to e advised vancouver, canada jarek jakubec corporate consultant srk consulting canada inc.
Other mining method names are merely variations or closer definition of others sublevel stoping is typically blasthole carried out with more than one drill drift per level interval and sublevel retreat simply defines the direction of the mining. This method is particularly suitable for lowgrade minerals or with disseminated mineralization. An overview of a wireless blasting system for use in sublevel caving operations that significantly reduces the risk posed to mine workers. Other advantages are that the method can be adapted to orebodies of different shape, size, strength etc. Sublevel caving mining method newtrax technologies inc. Knovel offers following tools to help you find materials and properties data. These ore bodies are generally low grade in nature and are too deep to be extracted through open pit mining. Simulation of rock caving process using mesh free method. Pdf an assessment of dilution in sublevel caving at.
In openstope mines the greatest loss of ore is that tied up in pillars left for support of the back or hanging wall. Advantages of sublevel caving selective mining of weak medium strength ore bodies in weak rock. Vladimir straskrabal and john jry president, hydrogeo. As in sublevel caving, the caving proceeds in a columnar fashion to the surface. Sublevel caving is a bulk mining method which is largely dependent upon the gravity. Jan 14, 2020 weak rock mass and poor flow of material can cause excessive ore loss and dilution in sublevel caving. The question whether sublevel caving is practicable even at greater depths below ground level has often been discussed. This method is normally used in massive, steeplydipping orebodies with considerable strike length, and usually has a high amount of dilution and low recoveries.
The production for a mine using sublevel stoping can range from 15 40 tonsemployeeshift, while one stope can produce greater than 25000 tons per month. The method offering the most reasonable and optimized combination of safe ty, economics, and mining recovery is then chosen. The driftpillar free sublevel caving mining method comprises the following steps of. In order to solve the problem of low production capacity and poor safety conditions of sublevel caving mining at the yingfangzi.
What is the difference between sublevel stopping and sublevel. A similar trend can be seen in worldwide changes in mining methods from open stoping and sublevel caving to cutandfill stoping. The result is massive subsidence, accompanied by the exceptionally high production rate and great areal extent characteristic of block caving. Sublevel caving, sublevel open stoping, the janelid method analogous to an inclined cave and block caving were all considered as mining methods. Block caving is a gravitybased underground mining method that involves breaking up the rock mass located at depth into pieces. The technical and financial support for this study was provided by mc0 ltd where the plan is to increase sublevel intervals fiom 2 1 to 3 1 metres. Jun 25, 2010 sublevel caving is usually carried out when mining of the orebody through an open pit method is no longer economically feasible. Rock blasting in sublevel caving deals with drilling plan, charging plan, quantity of rings in each blast, back break, brow damage, and misfires. When mining commenced in the western zone, the span was insufficient to induce caving of the country rock above. The second section describes underground mining equipment, with particular focus on excavation machinery such as boomheaders, coal cutters, continuous miners and shearers. Sublevel caving article about sublevel caving by the. The australian centre for geomechanics looks forward to hosting the fourth international symposium on block and sublevel caving in vancouver in septemberoctober 2018. Using this method, mining is planned to extract rock from the stopes without filling the voids. Generally, sublevel caving method employs use of fan drilling using long and smalldiameter holes, between sublevels or drill drifts to undercut and blast the orezone.
Oct 22, 2014 sublevel stopingunderground mining methods 1. Apr 05, 2019 sublevel caving is a large scale mining method, suitable for large ore bodies with a steep dip and a rock mass where the host rock in the hanging wall will fracture under controlled conditions. Both theoretical and practical points of view indicate a positive answer. Generally, sublevel caving method employs use of fan drilling using long and smalldiameter holes, between sublevels or.
An underground mining method used in large, steeply. The second stage involved the visual identification and manual collection of markers from. Sublevel caving sublevel caving is usually carried out when mining of the orebody through an open pit method is no longer economically feasible. Draw control strategy for sublevel caving mines simple search. Simulation of rock caving process using meshfree method. Rock blasting in underground mining pdf free download. Sublevel caving slc is an underground mass mining method used for extracting different types of. Block gravity caving is a bulk underground mining method, which allows large lowgrade deposits to be mined underground.
Mining methods and method selection snu open courseware. Sublevel caving can be used in orebodies with very different properties and is an easy method to mechanize. Production rates achieved in sublevel caving operations are typically lower than for block caves but higher than for stoping methods. The mine consists of two ore zones, east and west, and mining of these zones is currently conducted using the sublevel caving method. The method functions on the principle that ore is fragmented by blasting, while the overlying host rock fractures and caves under the action of. Modifications of the roomandpillar mining method for polish copper ore deposits. The alleged invention relates to the mining industry and can be used in underground mining of massive ore deposits, including kimberlite pipes in permafrost zones. Sublevel caving is one of the most advanced mining methods.
Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. Longwall longwall in coal longwall in hard rock sublevel caving characteristics of the ore body and mining method development production equipments used block caving introduction historical evolution of the method condition deposit principles of the method methodology of block caving basic issues of geomechanical to the black caving method. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. Sublevel caving subsidence reaches surface at the ridgeway underground mine. After the bottom of the block, or panel, is cut up into pillars by drifts and cross drifts, the pillars are robbed, and then the remaining stumps are. Sublevel caving this method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main production levels. Longwall longwall in coal longwall in hard rock sublevel caving characteristics of the ore body and mining method development production equipments used block caving introduction historical. Design and operational issues for increasing sublevel cave.
Harmony gold operates the mount marion underground gold mine near kalgoorlie, western australia. Sublevel caving also allows for a slightly more selective extraction of the orebody than is attainable through block or panel caving. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping crc press book. Atlas copco sublevel caving mining method duration.
Mining now proceeds underground, underneath the open pit. It is the best video for understanding how to do sublevel stoping mining method. The second half of the name derives from the caving of the hanging wall and read more. Optimum sublevel height and drift spacing in sublevel cave. Widely known method for sublevel caving see, for example, n. Sublevel stoping, sublevel caving, topslicing, and blockcaving require more stope preparation before ore extraction can begin. In sublevel stoping a form of open stoping, ore chutes, manway, and starting raises must be put up and one or more drifts driven on each sublevel fig. This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. Sublevel caving technique by partha d sharma issuu. Sublevel caving technique free download as pdf file. However, the development time before production starts is longer compared to other mining methods. Symposium chair the growing popularity of caving methods around the world is largely due to the very low production cost and.
Simulation of the rock caving process using a mesh free method s. Numerical investigation of caved rock mass friction and. Sublevel caving slc is a mass mining method based upon the utilisation of gravity. This method is usually considered as an alternate to sublevel caving when a lower dilution method is needed and where the rock is fairly competent. This method is unlike sublevel caving, in that both the ore and the rock are normally involved in the caving. This method involves undermining the orebody to make it collapse under its own weight into a series of chambers from which the ore extracted. Sublevel open stoping was introduced in a trial mining block but, after failure of the method due to premature caving ofthe sill, the mine reverted to mechanized block caving in 1989, a method. Method of underground mining sublevel caving on samariterbund ore. Sublevel caving technique mining drilling rig scribd. The invention relates to a bottompost free sublevel caving method adopting a reinforced concrete structure artificial false roof, which comprises the following steps that. It is a largescale mining method suitable for large ore bodies with a steep dip and a rock mass with a host rock in the hanging wall will fracture under controlled conditions.
The objective here is to present a design methodology applicable to sublevel open stoping, but also to then bridge the gap between theory and practice by applying said methodology to an actual design example. Block caving is an underground mining method that uses gravity to exploit massive, steeply dipping ore bodies located at depth. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping top results of your surfing geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping start download portable document format pdf and ebooks electronic books free online rating news 20162017 is books that can provide inspiration, insight, knowledge to the reader. Sublevel cave propagation at mount marion gold mine ausimm. Underground mining machinery glossary bibliography biographical sketches summary. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a partic. Sublevel caving this method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on many intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main levels.
Block caving mining method 101 newtrax technologies inc. This paper proposes a method to establish design parameters for an inclined deposit within a weak rock mass and evaluates its effectiveness through a case study. This method is usually undertaken when mining the orebody through an open. An assessment of dilution in sublevel caving at kazansi mine. The design examples used in this dissertation is based on the o640, l651 and n659. Sublevel caving slc is a mass mining method based upon the utilisation of. Pdf longwall longwall in coal longwall in hard rock sublevel caving characteristics of the ore body and mining method development production. Sublevel stoping article about sublevel stoping by the. The sublevel caving slc mining method has evolved over the last 100 years. Block caving is a new alternative method of developing new mines or extending the operation of open pits. What is the difference between sublevel stopping and.
Ebook geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping as pdf. S ublevel cave slc mining is breaking orebearing rock through blasting and drawing it out under the waste rock that is caving into the void created. Backfill is being empluyed v,orldwide, including in australia, canada, sweden, latin america, ambia, and the u. Cn105822307a underhand sublevel open stoping method. Fil1 is not required and manual labour requirements are low. This method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on many intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main levels. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel caving.
In this method, the ore is excavated in open stopes, retreating from one end of the stope toward the other. Petra utilises this mining method to supplement block caving, in order to provide production flexibility. By drawing rock from the extraction level in the lower part of the mine, a gap is created. The mechanics and design of sublevel caving system. Sublevel caving figure 1 is an underground mining method in which ore is blasted from the sublevel drifts using explosive charges in a ring fan. Black diamond drilling services australia database. These methods often fail to simulate fracture and fragmentation and large material deformation or flow during a caving.
1277 1075 49 400 627 615 318 1008 736 707 528 1531 158 631 1412 1441 26 257 44 31 1412 1381 1010 1534 1427 274 69 405 1415 947 632 1592 1049 610 659 573 81 486 1089 988 652 350